你能看懂下面这句话吗? Violet might have won the competition to be Willy Wonka's successor, had she not eaten the inflatable gum and turned into a giant blueberry. 想要弄明白这个问题,要搞清楚下面几个步骤:
一、在主从句中,从句什么时候用逗号,什么时候不用逗号?
我在之前的帖子 「英语从句」到底是个什么东西?中说过从句本质上是英语「主从分明」思维的一个具体体现。简单来说,主句是重点信息,从句是补充信息。英语在句子结构上也要突出重点:当主句在句首的时候,从句前不加逗号;当从句在句首,为了突出重点,需要加入逗号突出主句。
I will visit the Tower if I go to Beijing. 重点在句首,if前就不必加逗号。If I go to Beijing, I will visit the Tower. 从句在句首,为了刻意强调重点,主句用逗号隔开。
再比如:
A car might crash into his house if he were to build it on Interstate-40. if he were to buildit on Interstate-40, A car might crash into his house.
二、虚拟语气的倒装
如果你稍稍了解虚拟语气的知识,那么你应该明白一条规则:在 if 引导的虚拟语气中,可以省略掉if,将were / should/ had 提前。
所以在美国中学生必读的一本小说《To Kill a Mockingbird》中,有这样一句话:
He would probably poured it into his milk glass had I not asked what the sam hill he was doing.
我现在直接告诉你这句话是一句虚拟语气,那么按照我们这条规则,上面的话就是倒装,而原本的句子应该是:
He would probably poured it into his milk glass if I had not asked what the sam hill he was doing.
是不是句子一下子就变成了我们喜闻乐见的if从句,一下子就清晰了起来有木有?
而且,根据第一部分的理论,这里的 if 从句前没有必要加逗号。而且即在这句话的倒装形式里,也没有加逗号啊!
再来看题目中的句子,
Violet might have won the competition to be Willy Wonka's successor, had she not eaten the inflatable gum and turned into a giant blueberry.
我还是直接告诉你这依然是一个虚拟语气,如果还原一下,把 if 加进去,变成了:
Violet might have won the competition to be Willy Wonka's successor, if she had noteaten the inflatable gum and turned into a giant blueberry.
咦,为什么 if 放在后面也有一个逗号呢?
这不是和第一部分的内容完全矛盾吗!!!!
这是提问的朋友提出这个问题的由来。
三、语法应该服务于表达
很多人认为语法规则如同法律,必须要严格遵守。这是极其错误的认为。语法作为一套标记系统,其本质是为了沟通而服务的。所以,你可能会在不同的场景下,看到一些似乎不那么遵守语法规则的表达,它们并不是错的,而是为了达到对应情境下所需要的某种修辞目的。
逗号是punctuation。punctuation的意思有打断,停顿的意思。所以,当作者有诸如 强调,停顿等表达目的的时候,他可能会刻意地加入一个逗号。这时,这个逗号不是必须的,但是在相应的语境下,是非常恰当的。
例如为了突出反差,刻意加进去了一个逗号(不是必须)
She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar.
例如有时候为了弱化一下语气加一个逗号(不是必须)
Yo
u can call me if you need me. 需要我的时候再打给我,潜台词是小事就别来烦我了。加进去一个逗号,刻意停顿一下,弱化了语气
You can call me, if you need me. 什么时候都可以打给我,即使是想吐个槽这种小事也行。
如果我们再调皮一点儿,加入一个更重的punctuation,变成
You can call me —— if you need me. 这基本上等于 if 的意思不存在了,语气更加亲切。
再例如为了不引起歧义,必须要加进去一个逗号(必须)
I knew that President Nixon would resign that morning, because my sister-in-law worked in the White House and she called me with the news.because前如果没有逗号,那么Nixon辞职的原因就变成了sister-in-law,也就是变成了President Nixon would resign that morning, because my sister-in-law worked in the White House。这显然不是作者本来的意思,所以必须要加一个逗号。
举了这么多例子,现在回到问题本身:这里的逗号不是必须的,但是在对应的语境下,这个逗号应该是为作者特殊的沟通目的而服务的。如果你不太能感受,试着将逗号去掉,在原来的语境中替换品读一下,也许就能觉察出那种细微的差别了呢?